Language

Fundamental Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, Second Edition is a textbook and Biblical study resource for university and seminary students, pastors, and Bible scholars that provides a clear and concise introduction to the study of biblical Hebrew, the primary language of the Old Testament, and Aramaic, the language that Christ spoke in His daily interactions.

Each chapter presents vocabulary, morphology, and syntax in a logical progression. Additional resources include translation and reading exercises, paradigm charts, and glossaries.

This second edition clarifies and expands explanations and exercises, and expands the presentation of the Hebrew stems.

The fundamental biblical Hebrew is organized in a manner that facilitates learning and serves as an easy-to-use reference tool, including vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. While it serves as a basic Hebrew textbook and grammar for the purpose of theological study, it is useful for college, university, and seminary courses, as well as a desk reference for pastors engaged in the study of the Bible in its original language.

The Hebrew section also includes translation and reading exercises, a full set of verb paradigm charts (regular and irregular), and a Hebrew-to-English glossary.

The fundamental biblical Aramaic section follows the Hebrew text. While it is not designed to introduce other Aramaic dialects, such as Old Aramaic, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Palmyrene, or Nabatean, it is written so that the advanced student who wishes to pursue further study by exploring ancient Aramaic dialects may do so. To that end, from time to time, reference is made to the historical developments in ancient Aramaic.

This grammar concentrates on biblical Aramaic, primarily emphasizing the grammatical features the student needs to understand in order to read. Its structure allows the student to finish the grammar and to progress on to reading the actual Biblical texts in a typical semester. All the exercises, with the exception of the beginning ones, are drawn from the Bible, exposing the student to actual biblical Aramaic while learning the grammar.

German Quickly: A Grammar for Reading German is a thorough, straightforward textbook with a sense of fun. It teaches the fundamentals for reading German literary and scholarly texts of all levels of difficulty. It can be used as an introductory text for scholars with no background in German, or it can serve as a reference text for students wishing to review German. The grammar explanations are detailed and clear, addressing common problems students encounter while learning to read German. This book includes thought-provoking and entertaining reading selections consisting mainly of aphorisms and proverbs. There are also twelve appendices, including a summary of German grammar, descriptions of German dictionaries, a partial answer key, strategies for learning German, and a humanities vocabulary section of about 3,800 words.

The most up-to-date text of the Greek New Testament with an easily accessible text-critical apparatus.

After more than ten years of intensive preparation, a new edition of the UBS Greek New Testament (6th edition) is now available. It offers the most up-to-date Greek text with the textual changes from the Editio Critica Maior volumes on the Acts of the Apostles (2017), the Gospel of Mark (2021), and Revelation (2024). The text differs from the text of the 5th edition in more than 100 places and is identical to that of the 29th edition of the Novum Testamentum Graece (NA29), which is in preparation for 2026.

The apparatus includes clearly structured entries on all major variants of the text. The selection of the passages was guided by the question of their relevance for translation and interpretation. The importance of the so-called Textus Receptus has also been given greater consideration compared to previous editions. The selection of manuscripts was focused on the most important witnesses, which are now supplemented by new manuscripts (papyri 128 to 141).

This sixth edition begins with an accessible introduction in English and is edited by an international and interdenominational committee, which is also responsible for NA29 and works closely with the Institute for New Testament Textual Research: Holger Strutwolf, Hugh Houghton, Christos Karakolis, David Parker, Stephen Pisano, David Trobisch, and Klaus Wacht.

Resources include:

The most up-to-date text of the Greek New Testament

All text changes from the ECM critical apparatus

All major text variants

Edited by an international and interdenominational committee

Hardcover, thread stitching, ribbon marker

Described as an "invaluable reference work" (Classical Philology) and "a tool indispensable for the study of early Christian literature" (Religious Studies Review) in its previous edition, this new updated American edition of Walter Bauer's Wörterbuch zu den Schriften des Neuen Testaments builds on its predecessor's staggering deposit of extraordinary erudition relating to Greek literature from all periods. Including entries for many more words, the new edition also lists more than 25,000 additional references to classical, intertestamental, Early Christian, and modern literature.

In this edition, Frederick W. Danker's broad knowledge of Greco-Roman literature, as well as papyri and epigraphs, provides a more panoramic view of the world of Jesus and the New Testament. Danker has also introduced a more consistent mode of reference citation, and has provided a composite list of abbreviations to facilitate easy access to this wealth of information.

Perhaps the single most important lexical innovation of Danker's edition is its inclusion of extended definitions for Greek terms. For instance, a key meaning of "episkopos" was defined in the second American edition as overseer; Danker defines it as "one who has the responsibility of safeguarding or seeing to it that something is done in the correct way, guardian." Such extended definitions give a fuller sense of the word in question, which will help avoid both anachronisms and confusion among users of the lexicon who may not be native speakers of English.

Danker's edition of Bauer's Wörterbuch will be an indispensable guide for Biblical and classical scholars, ministers, seminarians, and translators.

Intermediate Biblical Hebrew bridges the learner from the first year of Hebrew into thoughtful reading and deeper study of the biblical text.

Features Include:

Twenty-two diagrams that make challenging concepts clear

Practice exercises for each chapter

Glosses for Hebrew words appearing fewer than one hundred time in the Old Testament

Definitions of linguistic and grammatical terms

A select, annotated bibliography

Topical and scriptural indexes

Fully updated and featuring more than 55,000 entries, this is the classic

German-English English-German Dictionary

from Langenscheidt, the premier source for foreign language reference tools. Students, teachers, travelers, and professionals can confidently rely on this invaluable 2-in-1 volume that includes:

- Hundreds of new words reflecting today's cultural, political, and technological changes, plus contemporary idioms and expressions

- Full pronunciation keys for both German and English entries

- Comprehensive grammatical information

- The genitives and plurals of German nouns

- Indicators as to whether a German verb is conjugated with haben or sein

- An alphabetical list of German and English irregular verbs

- A wealth of examples illustrating correct usage and meaning

- A quick reference section on proper names, weights and measures, and abbreviations

- Easy-to-read typography, plus a helpful guide to using the dictionary most effectively

The foreign language dictionary for people on the move!

Mastering Biblical Hebrew is a Hebrew grammar textbook that adopts modern second language acquisition (SLA) methods, emphasizing interactive pedagogies like listening comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing for the integration and acquisition of Biblical Hebrew.

Traditionally, Hebrew grammars relied on deductive and grammar-translation approaches, but today's students prefer dynamic and engaging classroom experiences. This textbook is tailored for teachers who wish to use a blended approach, incorporating oral, aural, tactile, written, performative, and reading exercises, as well as grammar and syntax activities.

Designed for both undergraduate and graduate students alike, this grammar is intended for two semesters. The primary objective of Mastering Biblical Hebrew is to equip students with reading competency in the Hebrew Bible at the intermediate level. Secondary objectives include proficiency in listening comprehension, writing, and speaking, which are honed through functional activities done both in the classroom and outside. To facilitate learning, new grammatical features are introduced in each chapter and revisited throughout the course. Students are encouraged to understand that mastering all grammatical details takes time and repetition.

The grammar is accompanied by charts, paradigms, audio files, vocabulary lists, study guides, teaching tools, and an answer key for assignments. Additionally, an Instructor Guide is available, providing detailed classroom activity suggestions that can be modified to suit individual class needs.

This summary laminated sheet of Greek Grammar beyond the Basics and Basics of New Testament Syntax is perfect for students to review categories of uses and look over possibilities when doing exegesis of the New Testament.

Old Testament Hebrew Vocabulary Cards, Second Edition by Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt is intended to accompany Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar and Workbook. These flashcards are an essential companion for the beginning student as they work on vocabulary memorization.

Features include:

Arranged by frequency

Include the number of times the word occurs in the Old Testament

Keyed to Basics of Biblical Hebrew, Third Edition

Cards 1-979 include all words that occur 30 or more times (except proper names)

Cards 980-1,000 include twenty-one commonly used proper names

If you are beginning your study of New Testament Greek or Greek exegesis, this book is for you!

From ablative to zeugma, it defines the tangled terms that infest Greek textbooks, grammars and lexicons.

Here is the book to deliver you from late-night ponderings of the predicate and frantic fumings over the fricative. It is the indispensable lexicon to that third language that is neither Greek nor recognizable English: the technical vocabulary of grammarians, lexicographers, linguists and Greek instructors. What's more, this pocket dictionary gives you the inside edge on the terminology of exegesis, textual criticism and biblical criticism.

Careful definitions, helpful examples and copious cross-references make this economically priced, brief dictionary easy to use. And its convenient size will make it a constant companion in your study of the Greek New Testament.

Designed for students and pastors alike, the short and accessible volumes in the IVP Pocket Reference Series will help you tackle the study of biblical languages, church history, apologetics, world religions, Christian spirituality, ethics, theology, and more.